clause의 VP가 그 subject에 해당하는 constituent에 의미역을 주지 않을 때 raising이 일어났다고 보고, 그 constituent를 raised subject라고 한다. appear, seem, begin 같은 일부 lexical verb와 대부분의 auxiliary verb는 transparent verb이다.
He seems to be incorrect.
- Raised Subject(NP): He
- Head(N): He
- Predicate(VP): seems to be incorrect
- Head(Lexical Verb): seems
- Complement(to-infinitival Clause): to be incorrect
- Predicand: he
- Predicate(VP): be incorrect
- Head(Auxiliary Verb): be
- Complement(AdjP): incorrect
- Head(Predicative Adj): incorrect
Simplification: seems / he to be incorrect