1. Spatial Container
2. Temporal Container
3. The State Something Is In
4. The Group Someone Belongs To

Examples.

1. some water in the glass
2. exercising in the morning
3. a girl in love
4. a member in the committee

2. Modifier In VP

1. Spatial Background
2. Temporal Background
3. Manner
4. Cause

Examples.

1. He studied in the room.
2. Einstein provided empirical evidence for the atomic theory in 1905.
3. He answered in English.
4. She stepped back in surprise.

3. Complement in AdjP

1. Domain

Examples.

1. The country is rich in natural resources.
   He was weak in math.

1. Purpose

   She studied hard to pass the exam

2. Result

   The boy grew up to be a famous singer.

3. Stimuli

   I’m pleased to see you again. She smiled to see such a beautiful sight.

4. Evidence

   He must be crazy to behave like that.

2. Supplement

1. Condition

   To hear them talk, you would think they are old friends.

1. Subject

   the rise of the sun

2. Object

   the construction of the dam
   the conquest of the world

3. Attribute

   a man of courage

4. Carrier

   the color of the sky

5. Origin

   a man of noble birth

6. The whole to which that part belongs

   the handle of this spot (physical whole)
   skeletons of whales (anatomical whole)
   the innermost depths of the human soul (spatial whole; metaphor)

7. Content

   the problem of the low birth rate
   the way of life
   the world of individual emotions (domain)

8. Possessor

   the assets of a nation

9. Cause

   the shock of the news

10. Substance

    a wall of stone

11. Producer

    the works of Shakespeare

12. Apposition

    the city of Rome

13. Relative

    the brother of John

2. Modifier in VP

1. Origin

   He was born of a wealthy family.

2. Ingredient

   That house is made of brick.

1. $\langle\text{Object}, \text{Function}\rangle$
2. $\langle\text{Object}, \text{State}\rangle$

Examples.

1. This key opens the back door.
2. English is spoken in many countries.
   The data is being processed.
   The road leads to the city center.

2. Deontic

1. $\langle\text{Rule}, \text{Content}\rangle$

Examples.

1. The law forbids smoking in this area.

3. Causation

1. $\text{Cause}\rightarrow \text{Physical Effect}$
2. $\text{Cause}\rightarrow \text{Perceptual Effect}$

Examples.

1. The cold froze the river.
2. The music makes me happy.
   The simple interface disguises the system’s complexity.

4. Indication (provide evidence)

1. $\text{Evidence} \rightarrow \text{Indication} \rightarrow \text{Proposition}$
2. $\text{Evidence} \rightarrow \text{Indication} \rightarrow \text{Interpreter}, \text{Interpretation}$

Examples.

1. The study suggests that caffeine improves memory.
2. The features show experts that it is a fish.

5. Concept

1. $\langle\text{Term}, \text{Definition}\rangle$
2. $\langle\text{Term}, \text{Classification}\rangle$
3. $\langle\text{Term}, \text{Property}\rangle$

Examples.

1. A square is a rectangle with four sides of equal length.
2. Mammalia belongs to the phylum Chordata.
3. Mercury has a very high surface tension.

6. Establishing The Conditions

$\text{Enabler}$: event가 성립할 수 있는 상황적 조건을 마련하는 요소.
$\text{Enabler} \rightarrow \text{Event}$

Examples.
This technology allows users to share files instantly.
The road gives access to the village.

7. Formation

$\text{Source of Formation} \rightarrow \text{Formed Result}$

Examples.
The environment I grew up in made me who I am today.
The river formed these deposits.

• NP
  • Head: what
  • Modifier(Relative Clause): proved to be the oldest fossil whale
    • Head(V): proved (be-passive)
    • Complement(To-Infinitival Clause): to be the oldest fossil whale

therefore

moreover

1. Participant

• eat an apple
• invite her
• put the book on the table

여기서 complement는 의미적으로:

• theme / patient
• recipient
• goal / location
  같은 역할을 가질 수 있다.

2. Content

head가 어떤 판단, 인식, 지식 등을 나타낼 때, complement가 그 content을 줌.

• I know [that he left]
• She said [that it was wrong]
• I was glad [to be invited]
• We believe [him to be honest]

3. Eventuality

head가 어떤 태도, 평가, 조절, 개시, 지속 등을 나타낼 때, complement가 하나의 상황, 사건, 행위를 제공.

• begin [to work]
• stop [talking]
• try [to leave]
• manage [to finish]

Here is a new book for you to read.

• Predicate: Here is
  • Head: is
  • Locative Complement(AdvP): Here
• Subject(NP): a new book for you to read.
  • Determiner(DP): a
  • Head(NP): new book for you to read
    • Head(N): book
    • Modifier(AdjP): new
    • Modifier(Hollow To-Infinitival Clause): for you to read
      • Subject: you
      • Predicate(VP): read
        • Head: read
        • Direct Object Gap: book

Simplification: Here / is / a new book / for you to read.

These students are very difficult for us to teach.

• Subject(NP): These students
  • Determiner(DP): These
  • Head(N): students
• Predicate(VP): are very difficult for us to teach
  • Head(Auxiliary Verb): are
  • Predicative Complement(AdjP): very difficult for us to teach
    • Modifier(AdvP): very
    • Head(Adj): difficult
    • Complement(Hollow To-Infinitival Clause): for us to teach
      • Subject: us
      • Predicate(VP): teach
        • Head(V): teach
        • Direct Object Gap(NP): these students

Simplification: These students / are / very difficult [for us to teach].