1. Klein’s Three-Time Model
- $UT$ (Utterance Time): 말하는 시간
- $TT$ (Topic Time): 이야기하는 대상 시간 (화제가 되는 시간)
- $ET$ (Event Time): 사건이 일어나는 시간
2. Definition of Relation
- Precedence: $I < J \iff \forall t \in I\ \forall t’ \in J\ t < t’$
- Inclusion: $I\subset J \iff \forall t\,(t\in I \rightarrow t\in J)$
3. Tense
| Category | Relation |
|---|---|
| Past | $TT < UT$ |
| Present | $UT \subset TT$ |
| Future | $UT < TT$ |
4. Aspect
| Category | Relation |
|---|---|
| Perfective | $ET \subset TT$ |
| Progressive | $TT \subset ET$ |
| Perfect | $ET < TT$ |
5. 주요 조합
| Category | Relation | Expression |
|---|---|---|
| Past Perfective | $(TT < UT) \land (ET \subset TT)$ | preterite |
| Present Progressive | $(UT \subset TT) \land (TT \subset ET)$ | be + gerund participle |
| Present Perfect | $(UT \subset TT) \land (ET < TT)$ | have + past participle |
| Future perfective | $(UT < TT) \land (ET \subset TT)$ | will + plain present |