examine: inspect “in detail”; investigate “thoroughly”
investigate: carry out a systematic inquiry “to discover the facts of an incident”
research: study carefully to discover information or knowledge about it
look into: explore the facts about something
method: a particular form of procedure for accomplishing something
style: a way that is “characteristic of particular period or person, etc.
religion: “the belief and worship” of superhuman powers or gods
religious: relating to religion
convention: a way in which something is usually done
custom: a way of doing something that is specific to a particular society
tradition: a “long-established custom” that has been passed on from one generation to another
traditional: existing as a part of tradition
society [səˈsaiət̬i]: the aggregate of people living together
civilization: advanced human society with organized communities and develop systems such as government, law, religion, and culture.
folk [foʊk] (adj.): relating to the traditional art of a society
campaign: organized actions carried out to achieve a particular goals
movement2: a campaign undertaken by a broad group of people working together to advance their social or political ideas
typical: having the distinctive qualities “of a particular type”
typically: in a way that is characteristic “of a particular type”
hallmark: a distinctive feature of a particular type
modest1: unassuming in the estimation of one’s abilities or achievements
moderate: average in amount or intensity, etc.
modest2: subjectively moderate; small
remorse: deep regret for a wrong committed
conflict1: a protracted argument
conflict2: a condition in which “a person” experiences a clash of opposing wishes
conflict3: a prolonged “armed struggle”
depart from: deviate from a traditional course
all the time: continuously
always: on every occasion
usual: “frequently” occurring or done
normal: conforming to a standard2
standard1: a level of quality
standard2: a required or agreed level of quality
standard3: a thing or idea used as a measure in comparative evaluations
abnormal: deviating from what is normal
bizarre: very strange or unusual, “so as to cause interest or amusement”
unreasonable: not based on good sense
wildly: to an extreme degree; in an excessive and surprising way
absurd1: wildly unreasonable and illogical
outrageous: extremely shocking, in a way that causes “anger”
imply1: “intend” to communicate something without saying it explicitly
suggest2: make someone think that something is possibly true
smack of: suggest2 the presence or effect of something wrong
imply2: suggest2 as a logical consequence
reason1 (n.): an “explanation” for why something happens or is true
reason2 (n.): the power of the mind to think and form judgments by a process of logic
argument1: a reason1 given with the aim of persuading others that an idea is right or wrong
argue2: exchange diverging views
debate2: argue2 about, in a formal1 manner
authority2: a person or organization having power
official: relating to an authority2 or public body
formal1: done in accordance with rules of conventions or etiquette
formal2: concerned with outward form or appearance, as distinct from content
distinct: recognizably different and clearly separate
resemble [rizembl]
determine2: ascertain exactly, as a result of research or calculation
ascertain [esərˈtein]: determine2 something with certainty
confirm: establish correctness of something previously suspected
moral: concerned with the principles of right and wrong of human
ethics: moral principles
just1 (adj.): “behaving” according to what is morally right
justice: just behavior or treatment
treatment: the manner in which someone behaves toward someone or something
integrity1: the quality of being honest
integrity2: the state of being whole and undivided
abominable: causing moral revulsion
revulsion: a sense of disgust
uprising (n.): an act of resistance
established: having been in existence for a long time, and generally accepted
institution2: an “established” law or custom
repeal: put an end to a law
abolish: officially put an end to an institution2
revoke: put an end to a permission or license
practice2: the “actual” application of an idea
discipline [ˈdisəsplin]: the practice of training people to obey rules
enforce: compel2 observance of a law or rule
compel1: force someone to do something
compel2: bring about something by the use of force
bring about: cause something to happen
hurriedly: in a rushed manner
secret (adj.): not known or not meant to be known by others
secretly: in a secret way
abscond [əbˈskənd]: leave hurriedly and secretly
accentuate [ekˈsentʃueit]: make more noticeable
access [ˈekses] (n.): the right or opportunity to use or approach something
abuse [əbjus]: use something to bad effect
restore: return to a former condition
liberal1: willing to respect opinion new and different from one’s own
liberal2: relating to a political and social philosophy that promotes individual right
conservative: favoring socially traditional ideas (contrasted with liberal1)
primarily [praiˈmerəli]: as the chief or central thing rather than a secondary one
mostly: to a great extent
largely: mostly, but not completely
top-down
class1: a social division2 based on social or economic status
division2: each of the parts into which something is divided
category: a division2 in a system of categorization
bottom-up
set: a group of things that belongs together
class2: a set of things “having some property in common”
type: a person or thing that has the character of a class2
community: a group of people having a characteristic in common
pick out (v.): choose someone or something from a number of alternatives
alternative [əlˈtər.nə.t̬iv]
get rid of: take action so as to be free of a troublesome or unwanted person or thing
so as (to-infinitival clause) (p.): in order (to-infinitival clause)
according to (p.): as stated by or in
with respect to: concerning
in terms of: from the point of view of a particular aspect
by means of: with the help of
in accordance with: in a manner conforming with
apart from: except for
in hopes of (p.): with the aim of
more or less (adv.): almost or roughly, with small differences
measurement2: the amount of something, as established by measuring
approximately: nearly, but not exactly; “used to give an estimated number or measurement2“
leading: top-ranked in a particular situation
overriding: more important than anything else
imperative: extremely important and “needing immediate attention”
crucial: decisive in the success or failure of something
preliminary [prɪˈlimineri] (adj.): denoting an event preceding for something more important
foreground (v.): make something the most important feature
emerge2: become apparent or important
only (adv.): merely (implying that more was expected)
have1: own
have2: possesses something as a feature
fall2: pass into a specified state or position
climate2: the prevailing trend in something of particular era
reflection1: an image seen in a mirror or shiny surface
reflection2: serious thought, especially deep retrospective one
consideration: serious thought over a period of time, especially in order to make a decision
intelligent: having intelligence, especially of a high level
clever: having quick ingenuity
brilliant2: extremely intelligent; talented
habitat: the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism
house: a building for “people” to live in
home: the place where “one” lives permanently, especially as a member of a family
residence: a place where someone lives, especially in a legal or official sense
compromise [ˈkɑmprəmaiz]: an agreement reached by “mutual concession”
settlement: an agreement that “brings a dispute to an end”
equal: “being” the same in quantity or degree
fair: “treating” people without giving an unfair advantage to one side
advantage (over-pp) [ədˈvent̬idʒ] (n.): a condition that makes someone or something more successful or effective than others
pro: a consideration supporting “one choice”
benefit: an actually good effect of gain from something
merit: a feature of something that gives it genuine worth or value
genuine [ˈdʒen.ju.in]
anticipate [enˈtisipeit]: think about something before it happens
look forward to: anticipate with pleasure
forecast: predict future conditions or developments, especially by analyzing data
describe: give an account in words of someone or something
depict [diˈpikt]: represent by drawing or painting
item: an individual unit1 that is “a part of a list or collection”
verify: make sure that something is true, accurate, or justified
justified: marked by a good or legitimate reason
unit2: a quantity chosen as a standard3 in terms of which other quantities may be expressed
memo: a written message “within a business or organization”
hire: “engage” someone for work
employ: “make use of” a person or thing for a particular purpose
workplace: a place where “people” work
workspace: the area in which “a person” works
refer to: direct attention to someone or something in relation to what is being said or written
mention: speak or write about someone or something “briefly, especially in a incidental way”
incidental: accompanying in connection with something major
secondary: not primary, but lower in importance
turn out2: happen in a particular way
work out: have2 a good result
corrupt: having a willingness to act dishonestly in return for money or personal gain
flaw: an imperfection or weakness in something or someone
defect (n.): an abnormality or fault that impairs quality or function
senior (adj.): of older people in a social sense, especially when used of people as a group
elderly: being well past middle age and approaching old age
contend: state a position while implying1 opposition
assert: state something firmly and forcefully
affirm: state that “something previous” is correct
claim: state that something is true, especially when it not yet be proven
argue1: “give reason” in support of a position
assure: tell someone something confidently to dispel any doubts they may have
mix: mix things together so that they form “an uniform whole”
fail1: be unsuccessful in achieving one’s goal
fail2: judge not to have passed
fail3: neglect to do something
director1: a person who supervise staff for a movie or program, etc.
director2: a person who is in charge of a department or activity
director3: a member of the board of people that oversees the affairs of a business
direct [diˈrekt]
damage: harm caused to something; one that causes specific and noticeable impairment on its function or value
intrude (into-pp): put oneself deliberately into a place or situation where one is unwelcome or uninvited
break (in-pp): force entry to (a building)
invade: (of an armed force) enter a region so as to subjugate it
property1: a quality belongs to something
hallmark: a distinctive quality by which someone or something is easily recognized
feature: a noticeable property1
characteristic: a typical quality of a class2
trait: a distinguishing quality belongs to a person
property2: something that is owned by a person or group
asset: a useful or valuable thing or person
fortune2: a large amount of money that is owned by a person
soft: easy to mold
smooth: having an even surface
remark1 (v.): regard with attention
remark2 (n.): something said, usually briefly
comment (n.): something said or written that expresses an opinion or explanation “about a particular subject”
passage1 [pesidʒ]: the act or process of moving through, under, or over something on the way from one place to another
passage2: a short extract from a book or other printed material
abate [əˈbeit]: become less intense
abet [əˈbet]: encourage or assist someone, in particular, to commit crime
abettor
hate: dislike very strongly
abhor [ebˈhɔl] (v.): hate something because it’s unacceptable
abundant [əˈbəndənt]: existing in large quantities
bountiful [ˈbaʊntifl]: giving generously
handy: useful in a convenient, practical, or easy-to-use way
essay: a short piece of writing on a particular subject.
severely: to a great or intense “degree”
seriously: in a way that is important
treat1 (v.): behave toward in a particular way
treat2 (n.): an event that is out of the ordinary and gives great pleasure
deal with1: take action “to handle a problem, situation, or person”
deal with2: take as a subject2
interest1 (n.): the “state” of wanting to know about something
interest2 (n.): a “subject” about which one is concerned or enthusiastic
center: the exact point that is equidistant from every point on the circumference
middle: the position between two ends or sides
take care of1: take responsibility for handling a problem
take care of2: keep someone or something safe
care for: provide care for someone, especially they are sick, old, or young
vocation: a strong feeling of “suitability” for a particular career or occupation
calling (n.): “a strong inner feeling” that a particular life purpose is what one is meant to do
mission2: “an important task or purpose” that someone feels a strong sense of duty to carry out
conclusion2: the summing-up of a text
closing: the end of an event or activity
careful: giving close attention to behavior
cautious: paying close attention to assessing risk
prudent: making sensible and well-judged decisions
appoint: officially place someone in a role
assign: give someone specific task or duty
document: a piece of written or printed material that contains information
paperwork: routine documents involved in an administrative process
text1: written or printed words considered as “language content”
text2: the main body of a piece of writing, as “distinct from other material such as illustrations”
count1 (v.): determine the total number of
count2 (v.): recite numbers in ascending order
count3 (v.): be significant2
significant2 [siɡˈnifikənt]: having a particular meaning
count on: regard someone or something as certain for what is expected
rely (on-pp): depend on someone or something for support
freedom: the right or power to act or think as one wants
autonomy [ɑˈtənəmi]: the right of self-government (of a particular resource)
independence: the state of not relying on another person or group
psychological [sai.kəˈlɑː.dʒi.kəl]: affecting or arising in the mind
attribute: regard something as being caused by someone or something
thought (n.): something that passes through the mind as a mental event
idea (of-pp): a thought concerning a possible course of action
course of action: a procedure adopted to deal with a situation
self-image: the opinion one has of one’s ability, appearance, and personality
allow2: give the opportunity for
anxiety: a feeling of worry
insecurity: anxiety about oneself; lack of confidence
distress: “extreme” anxiety or sorrow
suffering (n.): the state of undergoing pain or distress
hardship: severe suffering or privation
ease: make something less severe
relieve: cause pain or distress to become less severe
integrate: combine one thing with another so that they become a whole
incorporate: include something as part of a whole
strive: make great effort to achieve something
endeavor (n.): an attempt to achieve something
sense (of-pp): someone’s awareness or sensitivity to the importance of something
awareness: knowledge or perception2 of something
perception1: the ability to become aware of something
perception2: the state of being aware of something
sensitive: quick to detect or respond to slight changes or signals
sensitivity: the quality2 of being sensitive
quality2: the degree of excellence of something
collaborate with: work jointly on an activity, especially “to produce something”
cooperate in: work jointly toward the same end
cooperate with: assist someone or comply with their requests
suddenly: unexpectedly and quickly
dramatically: to a strikingly large extent
sharply: with a sudden and dramatical change
tip: a small but useful piece of “advice”
secret: a valid but not commonly known method
modern: relating to the present “as opposed to the past” (implying relative comparison)
contemporary: occurring in the present (implying periodization)
better2 (adv.): to a greater degree
relationship: “the way” in which people or things are connected: romantic relationship, working relationship
connection: a link between two people or things: connection between stress and sleep problems
relevance: the quality of being closely connected or appropriate: its relevance to the topic
involvement: the fact of being involved with something: his involvement in the crime
setting: the place, situation, and atmosphere in which something happens: the movie’s setting feels very romantic
venue: a place where an event is held: the wedding venue
site: a place where something exists or happens
area1 [ˈeriə]: a part of a place, space, or surface
area2: a place allocated for a specific purpose
region: a part of a country or the world having definable characteristic
subject1: a branch of knowledge
subject2: the area or matter that something is about
topic: a specific matter dealt with in a text, discourse, or conversation
theme: the main message of a speech or a piece of writing: the theme of the novel
thesis [ˈθisis]: a statement that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved
hypothesis [haiˈpɑːθesis]
premise [ˈpremis]
utility1 (n.): the state of being beneficial
utility2 (adj.): being able to perform several functions
landscape: all the visible features of an area of land: a desert landscape, the urban landscape
scenery: the natural features of a landscape considered in terms of their appearance, “especially when picturesque”
shortage: a situation in which something is not supplied sufficiently “for a demand”
scarcity: the state of being rare, often as a structural condition
famine [ˈfemin]: extreme scarcity of food, causing widespread starvation
privation: a state in which things that are essential for human well-being such as warmth and food are scarce
refill: fill a specific container again
replenish: restore a depleted resource
estimate: roughly calculate
assess: examine the state or degree of something
evaluate: judge whether something is effective, successful, or valuable, often according to particular standards
unique: unlike anything else
unique (to-pp): belonging or connected to one particular place or person
bad2: failing to conform to standards of moral virtue or acceptable conduct
virtue: a quality considered morally good
conduct (n.): the manner in which a person behaves
extensive: affecting a large area
widespread: found over a large area or number of people
learning (n.): the acquisition of knowledge
study (n.): “the devotion of time and attention” to acquiring knowledge
studies: study as pursued by one person
account for: provide or serve as a reason1 for something
illustrate2: explain something “by using pictures or examples”
demonstrate: clearly show the existence or truth of something “by giving proof or evidence”
elaborate: explain something more fully by adding details
instruction: information that tells someone how to do
direction: guidance or command about what to do or where to go
the sun2: the light or warmth received from the earth’s sun
assist: help as a secondary supporter
encourage: motivate someone to do something
foster: help the development of something over time by creating the right conditions for it
promote: further the progress of something
development: the process of developing
growth: the process of “increasing in physical size” such as amount, number, etc.
in spite of that (adv.): nevertheless
representative1 [ˌrepriˈzent̬et̬iv]: a person chosen or appointed to act or speak for others
delegate: a person sent to represent others
ambassador1 [emˈbeset̬ər]: an accredited diplomat sent by a country as its official representative to a foreign country
ambassador2: a person who acts as a representative or promoter of a particular body or activity
representative2: an example of a class2
idiomatic [it̬iəˈmet̬ik]
idiom [ˈit̬iəm]
monetary [ˈmɑnəteri]
concise: giving the necessary information clearly and in a few worlds
brief: of short duration
settle (for-pp): accept or agree to something that one considers to be less than satisfactory
revenue [ˈrevənu]
defy [diˈfai]
retrospection [ˌretrəˈspekʃən]
quality [ˈkwɑlət̬i]
surface [ˈsərfis]
Switzerland [ˈswit.sər.lend]
auxiliary [əɡˈzileri]
gerund [ˈdʒerənd]
preterite [ˈpret̬ərit]
predicate [ˈpret̬eket] (n.)
predicate [ˈpret̬ikeit] (v.)
clause [kləz]
interrogative [ˌint̬əˈrɑɡet̬iv]
participial [ˌpɑrt̬iˈsipiəl]
pragmatic [preɡˈmet̬ik]
pronoun [ˈpronaʊn]
if2 (p.): whenever
when (p.): temporal background
how2 (relative pron.): the fact that
what1 (interrogative pron.)
what2 (relative pron.): the thing that
walk (n.): an act of traveling
desire: a “feeling” of wanting something
intention: a “plan or purpose” that someone has in mind before acting
volition: a “faculty” of acting or deciding something by your own will, especially despite inner resistance or psychological obstacles
faculty: an inherent mental power
recognize [rekəgnaiz]: identify someone or something as already known
perceive: become aware of something through the senses
find2: perceive by chance
general: applying to most situations, people, or things, but not necessarily every single one
universal [juniˈvəlsl]: applying to everyone or everything, without exception
arrange: put things in a particular order
align: arrange in a straight line
help (to-infinitival clause) (v.): play a part in causing something to happen
rewarding (adj.): providing satisfaction
leave of absence (n.): time when one has permission to be absent from work or from duty
ask (object) (for-pp) (v.): request (someone) to give something: I asked him for a leave of absence
fancy1: expensive in a way that is intended to impress
fancy2: elaborate in decoration
elaborate (adj.): involving many carefully arranged details
sophisticated2 (adj.): having a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge
sophistication: the quality of being sophisticated
advance [ədˈvens] (n.): a forward movement
development: a process of developing or being developed
humankind (n.): all human beings
admire: feel respect for someone or something (높이 평가하다)
honor (v.): show great respect for someone or something, often through actions or words
celebrate2: honor publicly
extend: make something longer
expand: make something larger or broader
uneasy: slightly uncomfortable (“vague sense” that something is wrong)
anxious: experiencing worry about an imminent event
era: a distinctive period of history defined by major events: the Obama era
age: a broad period defined by a particular way of life: the Stone Age, the digital age
function (v.): operate in a proper way
function as (v.): fulfill the purpose of a specified thing
gender: identities concerning social differences rather than biological ones
passion: a deep emotional drive, especially the one that runs through one’s life
enthusiasm: intense and eager interest or enjoyment, especially the one lasting in a short period
compulsory: required by a law or rule, with no choice to refuse
mandatory: officially required by a law or rule
obligatory: required by a moral rule or social expectation
duty:
electronic: (of a device) having many small components, especially microchips and transistors
mobile [ˈmoʊbl]
more (det.): a greater or additional amount of
only too (det.): an extreme degree of (often carrying negative nuance): her words were only too fast
nothing but (adv.): only
anything but (adv.): never
none but (adj.): only
take the place of: replace
keep on: continue to do something
privacy: the state or condition of being free from being observed or disturbed by other people
upset (v.): make someone unhappy or disappointed
invent2: make up a story, especially so as to deceive someone
reputation (for-pp) [re-]
secret (to-pp)
succeed (in-pp) (v.)
devote (object) (to-pp): give a large part of one’s time or resources to something
present (v.): bring something to the attention of someone for consideration
illustrate:
treatment: a systematic account or discussion of a subject
systematic [ˌsisteˈmet̬ik]: done or acting according to a fixed plan
throughout (adv.): from beginning to an end of an event or period of time
as well as: and also
then2(adv.): after that
arbitrarily [ˌɑrbeˈtrerəli]
representation: the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way of a certain nature: the representation of women in newspapers.
expression: something visible, spoken, or written to show what is inside
profile [proʊfail]: a short outline of the main facts or features of a person or thing
accountable (for-pp): (of a person, organization, or institution) required or expected to justify actions or decisions
accountability: the fact or condition of being accountable: their lack of accountability has corroded public respect.
responsible (for-pp): having an obligation to do something
responsibility: the fact or state of having duty to do something
at last: after much delay
eventual: occurring at the end of or as a result
feeling (for-pp) (n.): an intuitive understanding of something
grasp: understand the main idea of something; get metal hold of something
comprehend: understand something fully
appreciate1: recognize the full implications, value, or importance of something
appreciate2: be grateful for something
definitely: without any doubt (used for emphasis)
precisely [preˈsaisli]: in an exact and specific way, without vagueness
accurately: in a way that is correct
release1: let someone or something go free.
liberate: set someone free from a situation “in which their liberty is severely restricted.”
reveal: make something known.
release2: make information available to the public.
disclose: make secret known.
uncover: discover something previously secret.
dominate: have controlling power or the strongest influence over someone, something, or a situation.
occupy: take up a space or time.
seize: take hold of something suddenly and forcibly.
reveal2: cause or allow1 something to be seen.
serendipity [ˌserənˈdipit̬i]: the occurrence of finding something valuable, pleasant, or useful by chance.
instant: coming with little waiting.
instantaneous: occurring or done in an instant.
immediate: happening right after something else: the book’s success was immediate.
prompt: (of a response) done quickly and without unnecessary delay.
design2 (n.): the way something is intentionally planned, structured, or made for a particular purpose.
initiative (n.): a new action or strategy intended to solve a problem or improve a situation: the city launched a new initiative to reduce food waste.
favorable1: expressing approval.
favorable2: to the advantage of someone or something: a settlement favorable to the unions.
beneficial: having a good or helpful effect on someone or something.
profitable: yielding financial gain.
persistent1: continuing obstinately in a course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition.
persistent2: continuing to exist over a prolonged period.
endless: having or seeming to have no end.
while: at the same time as.
utilitarian: designed to be useful rather than attractive.
practical: likely to succeed or be effective in real circumstances.
pragmatic: dealing with things in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.
compilation: a thing that is put together by assembling previously separate items:
digest: a summary of collected materials.
for the sake of: for the purpose of.
concise: giving the necessary information clearly and in a few words.
brevity: concise use of words in writing or speech: for the sake of brevity, we generally suppress information like this.